I+Note+Catcher


 * Grant I-Search Note-Catcher **

This is the note catcher page, it might not have as much info as this one because I have been typing on this lately.


 * Inquiry Topic: || Dark Matter ||
 * Inquiry Guiding Questions: || what is dark matter, exactly? What does Dark Matter do to galaxies? How long has dark matter been around? **What kind of effect would it have on Earth?** ||

Multiple sources; unable to find only one author. || Provided very untrue hard to believe information and did not answer my questions. || I will not include info from this website in my paper. || I will not include info from this website in my paper. || NASA. "Dark Matter." NASA.gov. NASA/USgovernment. Web.
 * My next door neighbor Dave. || I already knew a few things about this topic but most of the information I have acquired was either proved false, or inaccurate. || The most important part of my interview with Dave was him telling me that dark matter has no major effect on earth, and can not have a reaction with anything unless it is massed together in a large area. Another thing I learned was about solar lensing.I also learned that a gamma ray will sometimes illuminate the effects of dark matter. In addition I learned about the theory of Dark Matter, and all of my research questions were answered. Over all, Dave made a very good effort at this interview. || I mostly don’t understand neutrinos and how they can move through anything. ||
 * Wikipedia
 * NASA

How do we know that dark matter isn't just normal matter exhibiting strange gravity? A new observation of gravitationally magnified faint galaxies far in the distance behind a massive cluster of galaxies is shedding new dark on the subject. This image from the Hubble Space Telescope indicates that a huge ring of dark matter likely exists surrounding the center of CL0024+17 that has no normal matter counterpart.

What is visible in the above image, first and foremost, are many spectacular galaxies that are part of CL0024+17 itself, typically appearing tan in color. Next, a close inspection of the cluster center shows several unusual and repeated galaxy shapes, typically more blue. These are multiple images of a few distant galaxies, showing that the cluster is a strong gravitational lens. The relatively weak distortions of the many distant faint blue galaxies all over the image, however, indicates the existence of the dark matter ring. The computationally modeled dark matter ring spans about five million light years and has been digitally superimposed to the image in diffuse blue.

A hypothesis for the formation of the huge dark matter ring holds that it is a transient feature formed when galaxy cluster CL0024+17 collided with another cluster of galaxies about one billion years ago, leaving a ring similar to when a rock is thrown in a pond. [] || Stated many things that Dave had already said. || The most important information from this article was about the difference from dark matter and dark energy, and the way that they work together; with dark energy expanding every thing into "who-knows-what" and dark matter filling that space with it self. || The thing I don’t quite understand about this article was the way that dark energy makes the universe expand and implode. Where is it expanding into? || [] For each of the stellar, galactic, and galaxy cluster/supercluster observations the basic principle is that if we measure velocities in some region, then there has to be enough mass there for gravity to stop all the objects flying apart. When such velocity measurements are done on large scales, it turns out that the amount of inferred mass is much more than can be explained by the luminous stuff. Hence we infer that there is dark matter in the Universe. Dark matter has important consequences for the evolution of the Universe and the structure within it. According to general relativity, the Universe must conform to one of three possible types: open, flat, or closed. The total amount of mass and energy in the universe determines which of the three possibilities applies to the Universe. In the case of an open Universe, the total mass and energy density (denoted by the greek letter //Omega//) is less than unity. If the Universe is closed, //Omega// is greater than unity. For the case where //Omega// is exactly equal to one the Universe is "flat". **Note** that the dynamics of the Universe are not determined entirely by the geometry (open, closed or flat) unless the Universe contains only matter. In our Universe, where most of //Omega// comes from dark energy, //this relation between the mass density, spatial curvature and the future of the universe no longer holds//. It is then no longer true in this case that "geometry (spatial curvature) is destiny." Instead, to find out what will happen one needs to calculate the evolution of the expansion factor of the universe for the specific case of matter density, spatial curvature and "funny energy" to find out what will happen.
 * White,Martain "Dark Matter"

This infomation was much like what I saw on wikipedia.

The only, and therefor most important thing I learned from this article was that some people thought that dark matter might just be black holes. ||


 * There are two nearer dwarf galaxies than the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, both discovered fairly recently,

But the answer really depends on if you mean large galaxies of comparable size to the Milky Way or dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way.

Large galaxies: Andromeda Galaxy (barred spiral galaxy) (M31) and Triangulum Galaxy (spiral galaxy) (M33) are the two nearest. M31 is larger than the Milky Way and M33 is smaller.

M31 is at a distance of 2.52±0.14 million light years away, Recent observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains one trillion (10^12) stars, greatly exceeding the number of stars in our own galaxy. It has a radius of 69,600 ± 3,900 light years.

M33 is only minimally further away at a distance 2.59 million light years and has a radius of 27,000 light years. It is of about average size, compared to most spiral galaxies in the universe.

All three are members of The Local Group. This is the name given to the group of galaxies that includes our galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises over 30 galaxies, with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.

The galaxies of the Local Group cover a 10 million light-year diameter. The group resides in the Canes Venatici cloud in the Virgo Supercluster.

The two most massive members of the group are the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. These two barred spirals each have a system of satellite galaxies.

The Milky Way's satellite system consists of Sag DEG, Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud, Canis Major Dwarf, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Draco Dwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II and Ursa Major Dwarf.

Andromeda's system comprises M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC 185, And I, And II, And III, And IV, And V, Pegasus dSph, Cassiopeia Dwarf, And VIII, And IX, and And X.

M33 (Triangulum), the third largest, and only ordinary spiral galaxy in the Local Group, may or may not be a companion to the Andromeda galaxy but probably has Pisces Dwarf as a satellite.

There are other members of the group which are gravitationally secluded from these large subgroups.

Confining our attention to the 13 satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, we discover the nearest two are:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">SAGITTARIUS DWARF ELLIPTICAL GALAXY; The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (SagDEG) is an elliptically looped shaped satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy. The main cluster which was first to be discovered in 1994 is roughly 10,000 light years in diameter, and is currently about 70,000 light years from Earth and traveling in a polar orbit at a distance of about 50,000 light years from the core of the Milky Way (about 1/3 the distance of the Large Magellanic Cloud).

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">Although it is one of the closest companion galaxies to the Milky Way, the main parent cluster is on the opposite side of the galactic core from Earth, and consequently is very faint, although it covers a large area of the sky.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">Officially discovered in 1994, by Rodrigo Ibata, Mike Irwin, and Gerry Gilmore, Sag DEG was immediately recognized as being the nearest known neighbour to our Milky Way at the time.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">From its discovery until 2003, it was considered to be the closest outside galaxy to Earth, but since then has been overtaken by the newly discovered Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">CANIS MAJOR DWARF GALAXY: The Canis Major dwarf galaxy is classified as an irregular galaxy and is now thought to be the closest neighbouring galaxy to our location in the Milky Way, being located about 25,000 light-years away from our Solar System and 42,000 light-years from the Galactic Center. It has a roughly elliptical shape and is thought to contain as many stars (1 billion) as the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, the previous contender for closest galaxy to our location in the Milky Way.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The galaxy was first discovered in November 2003 by an international team of French, Italian, British and Australian astronomers. Although closer to the Earth than the centre of the galaxy itself, the Canis Major Dwarf galaxy was difficult to detect as it is located behind the plane of the Milky Way, where concentrations of stars, gas and dust are densest. This, along with its small size, explains why it was not discovered sooner.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">TO SUM UP:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">M31 is 2,52 million light years away, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">M33 is 2,59 million light years away, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy is 70,000 light years away <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Canis Major dwarf galaxy is 25,000 light years away

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">OTHER SATELLITE GALAXIES: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">(in order of distance away)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Large Magellanic Cloud is at a distance of 168,000 light years). It has about 1/20 the diameter of our galaxy and 1/10 the number of stars (i.e. about 10^10 stars).

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Small Magellanic Cloud contains around a billion stars and is at a distance of about 200,000 light-years, It is also one of the most distant objects that can be seen with the naked eye.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">Both were first observed by the Portuguese mariner Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521) in his attempted circumnavigation of the world,

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Ursa Minor Dwarf elliptical galaxy, discovered in 1954. is at a distance of 240,000 light years away,

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy, discovered in 1938 is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy and lies 254,000 light years from the solar system.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Draco Dwarf galaxy was discovered in 1954 and is at a distance of 280,000 light years away,

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Sextans Dwarf galaxy, discovered in 1990, is an elliptical galaxy, receding from the Milky Way at 238 km/s and is at a distance of 320,000 light years away,

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">Ursa Major Dwarf Galaxy, discovered in 2005, is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy measuring only a few thousand light years in diameter and is the second least luminous galaxy known and is located at a distance of about 330,000 light years from the Earth.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Carina Dwarf galaxy, discovered in 1977 with the UK Schmidt Telescope, is receding from the Milky Way at 229 km/s and is at a distance of 360,000 light years away,

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Fornax Dwarf was discovered in 1938, is receding from the Milky Way at 53 km/s and is at a distance of 460,000 light years away,

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">Leo II (or Leo B), discovered in 1950, is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy approximately 701,000 light years from Earth, and 4,200 light-years in diameter.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">Leo I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy discovered in 1950 and is at a distance of 815,000 ± 82,000 light years away,

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Brucebirchall. //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Yahoo.answers //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. Web. <http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060926051142AAN9Rd6>.

[] || this article was used for my third paragraph. ||  ||   ||